Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works

Introduction

Text-to-speech Audio

The H.C. Frick Coke Company was one of the largest coke producing centers in the world from 1883 to 1931. This historical site of the Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works is in Connellsville, Pennsylvania in Westmoreland County. Founded by H.C. Frick, and later merged with Carnegie Brothers Steel, it marks the important contribution Western Maryland made to the steel industry in the United States. Frick, said to be responsible for the well-known Homestead Strike labor dispute, would eventually be forced out by Andrew Carnegie but would continue to lead the industry with the eventual formation of United States Steel Company. H.C. Frick is well known as philanthropist and industrialist whose company helped formed the society in Pennsylvania.

Images

Historical marker of the Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works

Old photo of Standard Shaft Mine near Mount Pleasant

Historic photo od the town of Standard Shaft in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

Standard Shaft No. 2 mine that no longer exists

Monmouth No. 2 and Shaft Mine representing old mining industry of southwestern Pennsylvania

Backstory and Context

Text-to-speech Audio

Located in the coal district of Connellsville, Pennsylvania, the Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works Company consisted of at least nine hundred beehive ovens that consumed at least one thousand tons of coal daily to produce coke, which was a product used to manufacture steel. At that time, coke, coal, and steel were important in industrializing the United States (Vivian 2022). Frick wanted to share the most modern shaft mine in the world with the public, so he displayed a replica of the shaft mine at the World’s Fair in 1893. His exhibit was one of the most popular at the fair. A large group of immigrants worked for the company and helped culturalize the area of western Pennsylvania (Migration Memorials 2022). This historic site remains popular to this day as a reminder of the significance the H.C. Frick Coke Company made to western Pennsylvania and the United States in the mining and industry fields.

Henry Clay Frick, also known as the "King of Coke," lived from 1849 to 1919 and founded the H.C. Frick Company in 1871 (Migration Memorials 2022). Before the company was even active, Frick was a competitive businessperson among such other big businesses. Frick partnered with Andrew Carnegie and the Carnegie Brothers to manufacture steel to meet the needs of the expanding railroad system. As the general manager of the Homestead plant, Frick had to deal with several issues such as worker unions, economic panics, and worker strikes abroad (American Experience 2022).

Frick refused to allow union workers in the mines, and this eventually led to the Homestead Strike of 1892, which resulted in multiple deaths and injuries. He suffered an assassination attempt from an anarchist who blamed him for being non-supportive of his workers. The Russian-born anarchist, Alexander Berkman, attempted to kill Frick in his office and shot him resulting in a serious injury, but not death (American Experience 2022). This occurred during the Homestead Strike which took place at the Calumet Mine, a mine which the H.C. Frick Coke Company partially owned. The Calumet Mine was closed in 1932, the year after the Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works closed in 1931 (Library of Congress 2022). Only two of the buildings remain today that were a part of the works: a machine shop built in 1910 and a lamp and generator house built in 1883. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission made the mine into a historic site in 2007 (Forbes 2022).

Frick disliked organized labor and was said to have a controversial management style which Carnegie did not agree with. Due to labor disagreements between Henry Frick and Andrew Carnegie, Frick’s position as chairman of the H.C. Frick Company was dissolved, and Frick was forced out of the company by Carnegie (American Experience 2022). Their relationship became hostile, and Frick and Carnegie ended up in court as Frick tried to keep his interest. They reached a settlement in the year 1900 in favor of Frick for thirty million dollars. This made Frick a millionaire at the age of thirty (Historic Pittsburgh 2022) (University of Pittsburgh Digital Library 2022). Following the settlement, Frick went on to establish the St. Clair Steel Company in Clairton, Pennsylvania.

The next year in 1901, Frick moved from Pittsburgh to New York and became chairman of the United States Steel Company (Frick.org 2018) (Vivian 2022). At the same time while Frick was moving from Pittsburgh to New York to carry on the steel company, Andrew Carnegie had sold Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan. Frick’s position with the United States Steel Company was his last major position, though Frick also was director of several railroad operations (American Experience 2022). H.C. Frick was revered as an important figure in the steel and railroad industries.

The money that Frick made in the steel industries led him to become a known philanthropist with a passion for art collecting. Additionally, he is responsible for well-known buildings in Pittsburgh such as the Frick Building, the Union Trust Building, and the William Penn Hotel. He also contributed to the Carnegie Building, a building which was made of steel (Frick.org 2018) (Historic Pittsburgh 2022). He made several donations to Pittsburgh foundations and left his art collection to be enjoyed by the public.

The Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works not only has a rich history of what it was, but also why it was important to the history of western Pennsylvania and the United States Steel Industry. Its impact on the history of mining, especially in western Pennsylvania, is that it traces the roots of our ancestors and how immigrants contributed to their work in that field, many of whom still reside in the area to this day. It plays an important role in Pennsylvania’s history of business and industry as a contributor to the steel industrialization in the United States.

Sources

Digital.library.pitt.edu. 2022. [online] Available at: <https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A9122.XIX21.GT>

“Henry Clay Frick | the Frick Collection.” Frick.org, 2018, www.frick.org/about/history/henry_clay_frick.

Historicpittsburgh.org. 2022. [online] Available at: <https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:9122.XIX21.GT>

The Library of Congress. 2022. Town of Standard Shaft, North of State Route 819, Standard Shaft, Westmoreland County, PA. [online] Available at: <https://www.loc.gov/item/pa2928/>

Migrationmemorials.trinity.duke.edu. 2022. Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works | Duke Migration Memorials. [online] Available at: <https://migrationmemorials.trinity.duke.edu/items/standard-shaft-mine-and-coke-works>

Pbs.org. 2022. Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919) | American Experience | PBS. [online] Available at: <https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldman-henry-clay-frick-1849-1919/>

Forbes, Michael. Historical marker honors Standard Shaft in Mt Pleasant Twp. , TribLIVE.com. May 3rd 2012. Accessed April 11th 2022. https://archive.triblive.com/news/historical-marker-honors-standard-shaft-in-mt-pleasant-twp/.

Vivian, Cassandra. “H. C. Frick and the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893.” Www.academia.edu, 1 May 2022, www.academia.edu/21796998/H._C._Frick_and_the_Chicago_Worlds_Fair_of_1893.

Wintermantel, Mike . Standard Shaft Mine and Coke Works Historical Marker , Hmdb.org. May 22nd 2012. Accessed April 11th 2022. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=55587.

Image Sources(Click to expand)

https://migrationmemorials.trinity.duke.edu/sites/migrationmemorials.trinity.duke.edu/files/styles/scald_large/public/site-files/Photo204742.jpg?itok=XsWNwJ4f

https://scontent.fagc1-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.18169-9/13880229_1145517808844320_5397876366209248140_n.jpg?_nc_cat=108&ccb=1-5&_nc_sid=cdbe9c&_nc_ohc=fKcnyS0NcjYAX8pQoE3&_nc_ht=scontent.fagc1-2.fna&oh=00_AT907YP5DLc7aiq2m6SMYbbqkhCxypIL92fghvgna3Qgtw&oe=62675BDE

https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa2900/pa2928/photos/357431pv.jpg#h=742&w=1024

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