Petroglyph National Monument

Introduction

Text-to-speech Audio

Petroglyph National Monument stretches 17 miles along Albuquerque, New Mexico's West Mesa, a volcanic basalt escarpment that dominates the city's western horizon. Authorized June 27, 1990, the 7,236-acre monument is cooperatively managed by the National Park Service and the City of Albuquerque. The western boundary of the monument features a chain of dormant fissure volcanoes. Beginning in the northwest corner, Butte volcano is followed to its south by Bond, Vulcan, Black and JA volcanoes. The Petroglyph National Monument protects a variety of cultural and natural resources including five volcanic cones, hundreds of archaeological sites and an estimated 24,000 images carved by Ancestral Pueblo peoples and early Spanish settlers. Many of the images are recognizable as animals, people, brands and crosses; others are more complex. The monument is not free from controversy (see below).

Images

A "star person" petroglyph in the Rinconada section of PNM

Petroglyphs on a large rock at Petroglyph National Monument

Map of the Petroglyph National Monument provided by the National Park Service

Backstory and Context

Text-to-speech Audio

Approximately 200,000 years ago, six volcanic eruptions created a 17-mile-long cliff containing thick basalt layers of rock and cooled lava. When the volcanoes erupted, molten lava ranging in depth from 5 to 50 feet flowed downhill using old waterways, called arroyos, which eventually formed triangular, peninsula shaped channels that flowed around hills. The hills have long since eroded away over time, while the stronger basalt rocks remained, which eventually cracked and formed canyons and escarpments. As time progressed, more eruptions occurred and thicker lava cooled to form the now-extinct volcanic cones to the west of the monument; these cones can be seen from the top of the mesa. This unique formation of the landscape is called reverse topography.

The basalt rocks' geologic nature allows for the creation of the petroglyphs, or rock carvings, on their surface. The rocks contain high concentrations of iron, manganese and calcium; this combination creates rocks of a gray-like color. However, over thousands of years of exposure to the desert's rough environment, a "desert varnish" forms on the surface. The varnish is formed from the oxidization, or rusting, of the manganese and iron when mixed with oxygen in the air and water from rain; this varnish is dark, almost-Black and glossy in appearance. Long ago, American Indians, as well as Spanish settlers discovered that images can be created on the faces of the rocks by chipping away at this layer using rocks and other tools.

Many of the petroglyph images contained within the monument hold a deep, cultural significance to many native peoples. Depending on their context, the interpretations of these stone relics can hold vastly complex and varying meaning. Sometimes, it is not always appropriate to interpret the significance or meaning of these images. Some archaeologists can date the carvings as far back as 3000 years ago, found primarily in the Boca Negra Canyon area. The relative age is determined based on the darkness of the image, its context, and its comparison to other works of native relics of the same age.

It is estimated that about 90% of the petroglyphs were created during the period between AD 1300 until the end of the 1600s because of the "Southwestern Style" used. At this time, the Native population was increasing quickly and pueblo adobe villages were being built along the Rio Grande River and at the base of the Sandia Mountains.

THE STUPA CONTROVERSY:

In 1989, at least a year prior to the National Monument's establishment, a Tibetan Buddhist stupa was built and consecrated on what was then private land owned by Harold Cohen and Ariane Emery. The National Park Service subsequently used eminent domain to seize this land and make it part of the Monument, over the owners' objections. The stupa was not removed, but all buildings on the land were razed.

On June 10, 2010, the Superintendent of Petroglyph National Monument sent an email stating that "[w]hile soils are being stockpiled nearby for the future construction of an amphitheater, the National Park Service has no plans for the Stupa." The Monument website was also updated to describe the construction projects and clarify that the Stupa was not to be demolished.

OTHER CONTROVERSIES:

Suburban development currently affects the Petroglyph National Monument site. The city of Albuquerque succeeded with their plans to build a 4 lane highway directly through the site itself. The boulders with inscribed petroglyphs were relocated, so, the developers claim, were destroyed. The issue was featured in the documentary, Reclaiming Their Voice: The Native American Vote in New Mexico & Beyond.

Documents posted on June 6, 2012 by Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) allege that although the Petroglyph National Monument is a valuable resource and location for the City of Albuquerque and the state of New Mexico, the historical resources contained within is in danger because of the City and the National Park Service (NPS) inability manage up to two-thirds of the monument that is City-owned land. In their opinion, there are no persistent standards or patrols protecting the petroglyphs or the surrounding areas.

Under a five-year Cooperative Management Agreement, National Park Service and the City specify the delegation of their respective responsibilities for the monument. The City, however, refuses to allow NPS rangers to patrol or enforce Park Service rules on City lands, which constitute the bulk of the monument. Due to City service cutbacks, most of the Petroglyph is left un-patrolled.

Southwest PEER Director Daniel Patterson said "It is a disgrace that ancient rock art is obscured by both years of debris and last weekend's vandalism... Petroglyph is not just a regional but a national treasure which deserves the same protections as other national parks.”

The 2008 Cooperative Management Agreement stated a renewal to take place May 2013. PEER has launched a citizen petition and national campaign to persuade Albuquerque Mayor Richard J. Berry to allow NPS to provide full monument protection in the upcoming cooperative management pact.

Sources

"Boca Negra Canyon - Petroglyph National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.

"Rinconada Canyon - Petroglyph National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.

"Piedras Marcadas Canyon - Petroglyph National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.

"The Volcanoes - Petroglyph National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.

"Geology: Designer of the Land - Petroglyph National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.

News from stupa owner

Paseo del Norte Extension, Albuquerque - New Mexico | Wilson & Company[

"Sacred Land Film Project » Petroglyph National Monument".

"PETROGLYPH MONUMENT IMPERILED BY JURISDICTIONAL IMPASSE". www.peer.org.

"Petroglyph National Monument". C-SPAN. February 4, 2013.

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility Petroglyph National Monument Press Release