This location/address (1206 4th Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and this establishment was listed as "Ms. Blanche Campbell" and was categorized as "lodgings."

Ms. Blanche Cambell

Contributor

This tour visits sites included in the 1940, 1954, and 1956 publications of the Negro Motorist Green Book (NMGB). The NMGB served as a guide for Black travelers. It listed lodging, food, and recreation establishments that welcomed Black motorists, so they could move by automobile without fear of danger or embarrassment.

According to Dr. Wallace Best who is a professor of Religion and African American Studies at Princeton University, “a Black body in motion is never without consequence. It is always a signifier of something, scripted and coded. And for the most part, throughout our history Black bodies in motion have been deemed a threat” (“The Fear of Black Bodies in Motion”). Best is writing of Black bodies of the past, those who were part of the Great Migration and the movement toward freedom for the Black race, and of the present; Best mentions certain names like Michael Brown and Levar Jones, victims of police brutality, whose fates have fueled the current Black Lives Matter Movement. It is obvious that Green was aware that Black bodies in motion appeared to be a threat to white society, but he was also aware that this idea of a Black body as a threat meant there would be plenty of potential threats waiting for Black travelers if they did not have the information they needed. Although Green never explicitly alluded to potential dangers nor the Black family’s own fear to travel as he explained the usefulness of his book, the Negro Motorist Green Book did in fact attempt to alleviate the chance of any danger, fear, or embarrassment for its users.A children’s book titled Ruth and the Green Book (2010) was written by Calvin A. Ramsey and provides a fictional account of a young girl and her family traveling in the 1950’s from her home in Chicago to her grandmother’s house in rural Alabama. In the book, the family uses the NMGB to help them navigate their travels to avoid danger and/or embarrassment due to racism, while also finding places where they could enjoy themselves during their trip and along the way.This project of incorporating the Negro Motorist Green Book locations into the Clio entries of West Virginia started at Marshall University and was the result of a course project assigned by English Professor, Dr. Kristen Lillvis, in her class titled ENG 628 Twentieth-Century African American Literature: #Blacklivesmatter. This project is currently employing the addresses located in two copies of the NMGB (1940 and 1954) to site and pin potential locations where these businesses and establishments may have actually existed according to various editions of the book. This project intends to promote awareness of such an empowering aspect of the Black community’s history in American society that goes overlooked and unknown to most. However, this is only a start, as this project could evolve into an even greater opportunity to research and locate actual buildings and establishments in West Virginia that have served, during the Jim Crow Era, as “pleasure resorts,” as Green wrote in the 1940 edition for the Black American community (2). According to Candacy Taylor, a writer, photographer and cultural critic, it has been estimated “that less than one-third of these sites are still standing.” Taylor is currently working on a project in Los Angeles to locate establishments listed in the NMGB and views “these buildings as physical evidence of racial discrimination [and her project as a] rich opportunity to re-examine America’s troubled history of segregation, Black migration and the rise of the Black leisure class.” In a state that made its name based on its refusal to participate in the slavery of another human being, I feel uncovering these buildings of our past will provide insight for our future as a people and as a state. West Virginia cities in which establishments offered services to Black travelers (1940 Ed.):<ul><li>Beckley, Bluefield, Charleston, Fairmont, Huntington, Harpers Ferry, Welch, Wheeling</li></ul>West Virginia cities in which establishments offered services to Black travelers (1954 Ed.):<ul><li>Beckley, Bluefield, Charleston, Chester, Clarksburg, Fairmont, Grafton, Hinton, Huntington , Institute, Keystone, Kimball, Montgomery, Morgantown, Moundsville, Northfork, Parkersburg, Princeton, Weirton, Welch, Wheeling, White Sulphur Springs, Williamson</li></ul>

In American culture, the automobile has long since been a symbol of freedom and mobility for Americans everywhere. In the 1930’s and due to the rising African-American middle class, Victor Hugo Green, New Yorker and U.S. mailman, saw a need for a travel guide for the Black community and created the first edition of the Negro Motorist Green Book (NMGB) which was first published in 1936. According to the 1940 edition, “there were thousands of ‘sundown towns,’ towns where African Americans were barred from spending the night…at all”; therefore, the NMGB was a vital tool for the Black community throughout the U.S. for decades until the “civil rights laws of the 60’s brought about the end of legal segregation.” Although Green was able to expand his book to a successful travel reservation business, he also hoped for a time when the book would not be necessary for the Black community.



An Introduction to the Negro Motorist Green Book and West Virginia's African American History

This location/address (1035 Chapline Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition) as a restaurant and was called the Blue Goose.

The Blue Goose

This location/address (226 Jackson Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1940 edition), and was identified as a hotel that went by the name of "Cobb's."

Cobb's Hotel

This location/address (36 Latrobe Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and was categorized as a tavern known as "Boston's."

Boston's Tavern

This location/address (309 Water Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and it is listed under the category of "lodgings" owned by a "Ms. Ruby Thomas."

Mrs. Ruby Thomas's Lodgings

This location/address (223 Gaines Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and was categorized as a hotel that went by the name of "New Royal."


New Royal Hotel

This location/address (1329 E Washington Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and was listed under the category of restaurants and was called "The Hut." 

The Hut

This location/address (1614 8th Avenue) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and was categorized as a restaurant which went by the name of "The Spot."

The Spot 

This location/address (605 Logan Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition) as "lodgings" that belonged to a "Mrs. A. Wright." 

Mrs. A. Wright's Lodgings

This location/address (14 Virginia Avenue) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition) as a hotel called "Capehart."

Capehart Hotel

This location/address (602 Raleigh St.) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1940 and 1954 editions), and this exact listing was described as a "tourist home" and was called "Traveler's Inn." This means that an actual establishment may still exist or could have been demolished and/or altered over time, but an establishment did in fact exist in this area at one time and it provided service to Black American travelers during the era of Jim Crow laws. The NMGB was necessary due to the prevalence of racial discrimination and the lack of knowledge available to the Black community informing them of remaining segregated businesses and towns; however, the book itself was an empowering tool for the Black community which enabled mobility and also provided safety for those traveling throughout the United States. 

Traveler's Inn

This location/address (109 9th Avenue) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and is categorized under hotels but was known as "The Price House."  

The Price House 

This location/address (340 S Fayette Street) is listed in the Negro Motorist Green Book (1954 edition), and is described in the book as a hotel called "New Pioneer."

Green Book Sites in West Virginia

Ms. Blanche Cambell

Introduction

Sources